On Facebook and Instagram, Political Ads Are Increasingly Critical of Data Centers

The U.S. data center boom is emerging as a key issue in political advertising on social media in the home stretch of the midterm campaign season, a Pew Research Center analysis finds.

Month	Anti-data center	Pro-data center
2026-01	31	42
2026-02	52	14
2026-03	42	30
2026-04	57	19
2026-05	57	6
2026-06	64	6
2026-07	60	6
2026-08	62	8
2026-09	61	8
2026-10	57	3

Spending on political ads mentioning data centers has increased exponentially in the run-up to the 2026 U.S. midterm elections. Over a period of 90 days from Jul. 27 to Oct. 24, advertisers on Facebook and Instagram spent almost $12 million on ads that mention data centers in the context of social issues, elections or politics. (In this analysis, we refer to these ads as “political ads.”)

As recently as January, pro-data center sentiment was slightly more common in this advertising than anti-data center sentiment. Among political ads mentioning data centers, 42% were supportive of them while 31% were critical. The remainder did not take a clear stance.

But since the beginning of this year, ads that mention data centers have grown increasingly critical. So far in October, 57% of these ads have expressed opposition to data centers, while just 3% have been clearly in favor of them.

This finding comes as Americans’ views of data centers have grown more negative in recent months.

About this research

This Pew Research Center analysis looks at U.S. political ads on Facebook and Instagram that discuss data centers.

Why did we do this?

Pew Research Center does research to help the public, media and decision-makers understand important topics. This research builds on our recent work about data centers and artificial intelligence.

Learn more about Pew Research Center and our work on artificial intelligence.

How did we do this?

Facebook and Instagram advertising data comes from the Meta Ad Library API. The Ad Library is maintained by Meta and includes every advertisement about politics, elections or social issues appearing on Meta platforms worldwide. For simplicity, we use “political ads” throughout this post to refer to these ads.

For this analysis, we identified every ad in the Ad Library that mentioned data centers in its text or audio and ran on Facebook or Instagram in the United States from Jan. 1 to Oct. 24, 2026. Most of the ads we identified (87%) ran on both platforms.

For each ad, we collected its text, the states in which it ran and how much was spent to run it. Meta provides ad spending data as a range, so we used the midpoint of each ad spend range when calculating total spending. We then used GPT-5.6 Luna to determine if each ad:

Is critical of data centers, supportive of data centers or does not take a clear stance on them
Mentions topics in a data center context, including large corporations, energy use, water use, the environment, jobs and taxation
Whether the ad promotes a particular candidate for office, and if so whether that candidate is a Republican or Democrat

Across all of these categories, the model achieved an average F1 score of 0.88 and 95% accuracy on a validation dataset of 300 ads coded by trained human coders. See the full model prompt we used to classify these ads. We also used several other data sources to complement this analysis. These include historical data on total political ad spending from the Meta Ad Library Report as of Oct. 24; the number of competitive House, Senate and gubernatorial races in each state, according to the Cook Political Report on Oct. 24; and the number of current and planned data centers in each state based on Data Center Map estimates on Oct. 27.

What issues are discussed in ads about data centers?

Category	Anti-data center	Pro-data center	Diff
Corporate interests and investment	47	22	-25
Energy usage and costs	35	42	7
The environment	26	13	-13
Water usage and costs	22	26	4
Taxes or tax revenue	21	18	-3
Jobs	3	25	22

Some common themes emerge in political ads on Facebook and Instagram that mention data centers:

Large corporations and their involvement in data center development (mentioned in 30% of all political ads about data centers)
Data centers’ energy use (24%)
Environmental effects of data centers and the water required to run them (17% and 15%, respectively)

Certain themes are more common in ads that are critical of data centers than in ads that support them. For example, nearly half of ads that oppose data centers discuss the corporate interests behind them, like the tech industry or utility companies. That is roughly double the share of pro-data center ads that mention these interests. Meanwhile, ads that support data centers disproportionately discuss their impact on jobs.

Who pays for ads about data centers?

A majority (61%) of recent spending on Facebook and Instagram political ads about data centers has been on ads that don’t promote specific candidates for office. These ads are typically paid for by advocacy groups. More than half of these ads (56%) express opposition to data centers, but 13% are supportive – a much larger share than among campaign ads.

The remaining 39% of recent spending has been for ads that support specific candidates. Of the campaign ads in our analysis period, 72% promote Democratic candidates and 15% promote Republican candidates, while the remainder are for independent candidates or those whose party affiliation could not be determined. A majority of these campaign ads are critical of data centers, and this holds true across party lines. Pro-data center ads are rare for both parties, occurring in less than 1% of campaign ads overall.

In other words, Democratic candidates are more likely than Republicans to post political ads about data centers. But when they do talk about data centers, Democratic and Republican candidates are similarly critical of them.

Which states have seen the most ad spending about data centers?

In several states, advertisers have recently spent more than $1 million on political Facebook and Instagram ads mentioning data centers

Spending on U.S. political ads on Facebook and Instagram mentioning data centers by target state, July 27-Oct. 24, 2026

Target state	Total spending on data center ads	Share of all political ad spending in state
Wisconsin	$1,454,000	13.9%
Oregon	$312,000	8.1%
Ohio	$1,815,000	7.0%
Indiana	$207,000	5.8%
Pennsylvania	$593,000	5.0%
Texas	$1,692,000	4.9%
Virginia	$325,000	4.9%
Montana	$73,000	4.4%
Nevada	$152,000	4.1%
Michigan	$734,000	3.4%

Note: Ads with 90% or more of their audience in a single state are considered targeted to that state. Total spending is based on the midpoint of the range provided by the Meta Ad Library API and rounded to the nearest $1,000.

Source: Analysis of 13,956 ads about social issues, elections or politics that mentioned data centers and ran in the U.S. on Facebook or Instagram from July 27 to Oct. 24, 2026.

PEW RESEARCH CENTER

Since late July, advertisers spent more than $1 million on political ads mentioning data centers that targeted Facebook and Instagram users in each of three states – Ohio, Wisconsin and Texas. Data center ads made up about 14% of all the political ad spending on these platforms that was aimed at users in Wisconsin, the highest share of any state.

In general, states with more competitive elections for the U.S. House of Representatives, Senate or governor have seen more spending on Facebook and Instagram political ads about data centers. Spending on these ads is also higher, on average, in states with more operational or planned data centers.

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