The pursuit of greater economic integration through expanded free trade has long been central to the economic policy of most western democracies, including Canada.
Since the implementation of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement in 1988, both Liberal and Conservative governments have pursued and continue to pursue more free-trade zones with additional partners in Europe, the Americas and the Pacific Rim.
Recently, however, this general international consensus appears to be unravelling. Trade liberalization is being attacked for promoting income inequality, hollowing out the manufacturing sector, perpetuating underdevelopment in the Global South and increasing the influence of morally dubious states and international corporations.
Economic and social criticisms of free trade, particularly from more left-wing positions, are well-established and longstanding. However, more recent and growing criticisms are now emerging from the right in Europe and the United States.
Conservative shift
These condemnations are effectively disrupting the longstanding ideological orthodoxy that conservatives have maintained when it comes to free trade.
They also reflect not so much an economic critique as they do a preoccupation with social and cultural policy. In fact, these criticisms are tied to many of the broader transformations that are beginning to characterize contemporary conservative politics.
Modern-day conservative enthusiasm for free trade consolidated in the 1980s as a component of a broader shift to neoliberalism that, while felt across the political spectrum, was particularly pronounced for the right.
What exactly is neoliberalism?
It drew upon the influence of Friedrich August von Hayek, an Austrian-British economist, and the “Austrian school” of economics to argue that the state should operate like a free market and social and cultural issues should be a matter of individual discretion.
Free trade, therefore, was advocated as part of a greater project aiming for greater economic deregulation and state rollback that proponents argued would be more conducive to individual freedoms.
This consensus, however, was challenged by insurgent radical right-wing parties. Donald Trump was elected president of the United States in 2016 partly on his allegations that America’s free-trade deals were “rigged” by inept domestic negotiators and malicious international entities.
His administration sought to shake up the status quo, pulling out of Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, imposing protectionism on steel and aluminum, renegotiating NAFTA and starting a trade war with China.
(AP Photo/Andrew Harnik)
Class divisions
Since then, a number of American conservatives — such as Republican senators J.D. Vance and Josh Hawley — have developed a more comprehensive form of opposition.
Vance has criticized free trade for empowering a cosmopolitan, socially progressive urban class at the expense of the average American worker. Shut out of wage and labour mobility, he says these working-class Americans are unable to establish a base of financial independence necessary for thriving communities.
These conservatives advocate for protectionism as part of broader state-directed industrial policy to pursue more desirable social ends; a shift to a more robust and interventionist state.
They also want a government that is more morally partial. This means that unlike the prior emphasis on individual freedom or discretion, they challenge the idea that the state can be neutral when it comes to moral, cultural and spiritual values.
Their goals include the revival of domestic manufacturing capacity, individual economic self-determination and strong families, even though these aims might counteract free-market incentives.
Changes in conservative thinking on foreign policy are also relevant. Conservatives are moving away from the prior emphasis on international intervention and interdependence to more of an “America First” idea that the U.S. ought to prioritize the needs of its own citizens than those abroad.
Free trade is also attacked for providing avenues for potentially malicious entities — including rival states like China, international organizations, or powerful corporate interests — to undermine national well-being.
The two key issues on the table to bring Canada back into NAFTA
Canada’s conservative history
So far, this shift has had only minimal impact on conservatives in Canada. But recent federal Conservative leaders, while generally supportive of further trade liberalization, have alluded to changing their thinking on trade and foreign policy.
Former Conservative Party of Canada leader Erin O’Toole, for example, broadly referred to a “Canada First” approach that emphasized greater industrial self-sufficiency along with skepticism towards China. Current leader Pierre Poilievre has promised a ban on all overseas oil imports.
Canadian conservatives were once against free trade. Prior to 1988 — when the Canada-U.S. free-trade deal was signed — they had a very different approach to economic policy and many believed encouraging continental integration would fundamentally weaken Canadian sovereignty and national distinctiveness.
(National Archives of Canada)
In the 1911 election, for example, Robert Borden’s Conservatives campaigned against Liberal Wilfrid Laurier government’s free-trade policy on the claim it would “Americanize” Canada.
John A. Macdonald’s national policy, as pursued by Conservative governments throughout the early 20th century, levied high tariffs on foreign imported goods to help Canadian manufacturing withstand American competition.
In contrast to today’s conservatism, these early Canadian conservatives demonstrated support for a large, interventionist state — and not the free market — to support the expansion of national banking, transportation and infrastructure.
As free trade continues to come under attack by modern-day conservatives, this history may provide signposts to follow international trends — which could have important consequences for Canadian partisan politics.
