Author: Gretchen Kerr, Professor, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto

Social media is well recognized as beneficial because it can enhance connections and serve as a forum to discuss important issues. But it’s also a platform for the dissemination of misinformation, hostile views and hate. Similarly in sports, the widespread use of social media has enabled closer connections between fans and athletes while also providing a forum to spread misogyny, racism and homophobia. Online public shaming, or expressions of disapproval or hostility directed towards an individual or group, is one form of negative online interaction that typically occurs in response to perceived transgressions from norms. Norms refer to guiding psycho-social…